One contextual challenge course developers face is that quality is not solely an intrinsic feature of a course; but is expressible through the viewpoints代写职称论文, values, and needs of the course consumer, whether he is a student, an instructor, a department chair, an academic vice president or financial officer, an institutional planner, or a corporate human resources director. The re is no one checklist by which we can design or evaluate quality in a course. We must make explicit the viewpoint from which the course is bEing assessed. In the second section of this paper, we will summarize the criteria for quality native to these different consumer viewpoints and thoroughly analyze course quality as viewed from the perspective of the student consumer.
Gardiner further explains that, by combining best-practice instructional design methods with Internet technologies, it is possible (but not necessarily true) that much greater higher-order learning and higher-value educational outcomes can be achieved.
This investigation was begun informally in 1994, and continued as such until a formal national investigation was launched in November 1999. The plan of investigation has involved a very labor-intensive process of targeted information collection. (We wanted to avoid the common pitfalls in overly homogenized findings from a monolithic survey of unknown sources.) Besides translating basic research into learning science, our approach has been to carefully identify experts in the field who bring both learned expertise and practical application experiences. Therefore, the process of simply identifying these experts has been a key element of the study. We have lurked on national listserv's to identify experts, and to pick up new ideas. We have followed up with many of them, in conducting interviews. We have organized round table discussions and panel sessions at the leading national conferences and then followed up with emails with those participants. We have examined online faculty guides from leading institutions, and online course-sites on instructional design, and followed up with their authors where that seemed helpful. Not surprisingly, one of the most informative sources of ideas and exemplars (both positive and weak) has been many online course sites themselves. In all, the study has to date involved several hundred pages of research literature, hundreds of listserv postings and follow up emails, over one hundred actual online course sites, hundreds of conference attendees, and dozens of interviews with individual experts. This investigation is ongoing, and further findings are in development for release in subsequent papers.
Introduction
After reviewing hundreds of studies on education, Lion Gardiner concluded:
After all, if an instructor who undertakes to design a web-based class is told "Follow the principle of giving frequent feedback in the form of formative assessments," he will say "You haven't helped me a bit; I already apply that principle to my classroom-based class. If, on the other hand, you tell him "Require students to e-mail you a synopsis of each week's reading," you haven't helped him either because that course process may neither apply to course nor complement his course design.
At the foundation of the pyramid, there are fewer principles. We can more readily enumerate major principles of learning science that broadly address the foundation upon which most all learning is based. They are less specifically prescriptive. Practices are more specific, and they apply to a particular delivery medium. But, they are still so abstract as to almost demand experienced expertise in order to utilize them in any concrete way. On the low end of the spectrum, methods are immediately applicable. But they are so narrowly specific that they are innumerable. infeasible to simply present a complete enumeration of all possible methods that might be highly beneficial to a specific learning activity.
This study does not involve basic scientific research, but we have relied heavily on the scientific and educational research literature. Research topics have encompassed neurophysiological and neuropsychological factors underlying human memory and learning processes. Secondly, the study has also investigated basic and applied research on instructional design models. Third, we have incorporated much practical knowledge of the current state of the art in instructional delivery systems. From these three foundations of investigation, the overall study is based on "the science of learning, the art of instruction, and the application of systems."
If the concept of designing and evaluating a course by narrow prescriptive formulae is misguided, what's an instructor to do? In our investigation, we found many categories of good experience-proven practical ideas that seemed to sort themselves into three basic levels of guidance for quality online pedagogy: principles of learning science; practices in instructional artistry; and applications of online systems.
The instructor's best strategy is to arm himself with a few sturdy principles, to be guided by a translation of these principles into practices effective in a web-based environment and to think creatively all the while using specific application methods as a point of reference. At some level代写职称论文价格, the instructor must do precisely what each student must do and teach himself by drawing inferences and extending from the known to the unknown. The quality of the inferences and extensions, however, can be positively influenced by the solidity of the principles and the quality of the illustrations used as guides.
This paper reports findings developed as part of a nationwide study of quality in web-based and web-intensive learning. The study is ongoing, and addresses the instructional design of quality pedagogy, quality assurance in course delivery, and assessment of quality in existing courses.
"[W]hen we subject the quality of our collective work as educators to the same close examination we demand in our disciplines代写代发论文, we find a substantial body of evidence that clearly demonstrates a crisis of educational quality in our nation's colleges and universities. … We need to begin immediately to assess, evaluate, and improve the quality of our work."
Principles, practices, and specific applications sort themselves out along a scale of specificity:
§ A principle is applicable to nearly any formal learning situation, independent of the delivery medium. That is because these "principles of learning science" derive primarily from characteristics of learners and the functions of human brain-learning, and not from the specific course nor the medium of course delivery.
§ A practice is manifests the "art of instruction" within and suited to a specific mode of delivery (e.g., class based, online, mixed mode). Practices in the art of instruction reflect a merging of learning science principles with the artistry of instruction.
§ An application (of learning science principles and instructional artistry) is specific to a particular course, within a specific delivery infrastructure.
Principles, practices, and applications can also be indexed by degree of prescriptiveness.
Simply put, it is very difficult to design and judge course quality. We know this from the proliferation of thousands of mediocre online courses. From the educational research literature, we are often given guiding principles that are too general to be instructive at the level of classroom practice and course design. Making class "happen" in a web-based environment is so new, and different, that nEIther broad principles nor narrowly prescriptive practices are helpful when we sit at a computer and try to reinvent our teaching in this new environment.
Abstract:
We are now delivering thousands of online courses to millions of students around the world. We have progressed beyond the early explorations into "how to teach online," to the more complex challenge of "how well?" This paper summarizes the results of a nationwide empirical study performed in the United States, in an effort to systematically identify the factors that determine the quality of e-learning courses. Our investigations sought how to design quality into web-enhanced courses, how to ensure delivery of a quality support system for online learners, and how to assess the quality of online courses. This is the first in a series of reports on the outcomes of this investigation, and how to use what we learned about how to ensure and assess quality in web-based learning. This first report focuses on instructional design of quality courses.
Approach
The abundance of specific methods (learning activities, "assignable units," projects) by which you may assure the success of a given practice and the application of a given principle will bewilder you if you seek a simple formula to answer the question "What do I do to create and assess quality in e-learning?"